Agroforestry Research Essay

Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.[1] A narrow definition of agroforestry is â€Å"trees on farms.† As a science The theoretical base for agroforestry comes from ecology, via agroecology.[3] From this perspective, agroforestry is one of the three principal land-use sciences. The other two are agriculture and forestry.[4] The efficiency of photosynthesis drops off with increasing light intensity, and the rate of photosynthesis hardly increases once the light intensity is over about one tenth that of direct overhead sun. This means that plants under trees can still grow well even though they get less light. By having more than one level of vegetation, it is possible to get more photosynthesis than with a single layer. Agroforestry has a lot in common with intercropping. Both have two or more plant species (such as nitrogen-fixing plants) in close interaction, both provide multiple outputs, as a consequence, higher overall yields and, because a single application or input is shared, costs are reduced. Beyond these, there are gains specific to agroforestry. Benefits Further information: Ecoscaping Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods. They can offer increased productivity, economic benefits, and more diversity in the ecological goods and services provided.[5] Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. With two or more interacting plant species in a given land area, it creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Depending upon the application, potential impacts of agroforestry can include: †¢Reducing poverty through increased production of wood and other tree products for home consumption and sale †¢Contributing to food security by restoring the soil fertility for food crops †¢Cleaner water through reduced nutrient and soil runoff †¢Countering global warming and the risk of hunger by increasing the number of drought-resistant trees and the subsequent production of fruits, nuts and edible oils †¢Reducing deforestation and pressure on woodlands by providing farm-grown fuelwood †¢Reducing or eliminating the need for toxic chemicals (insecticides, herbicides, etc.) †¢Through more diverse farm outputs, improved human nutrition †¢In situations where people have limited access to mainstream medicines, providing growing space for medicinal plants Agroforestry practices may also realize a number of other associated environmental goals, such as: †¢Carbon sequestration †¢Odour, dust, and noise reduction †¢Green space and visual aesthetics †¢Enhancement or maintenance of wildlife habitat Adaptation to Climate Change There is some evidence that, especially in recent years, poor smallholder farmers are turning to agroforestry as a mean to adapt to the impacts of climate change. A study from the CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) found from a survey of over 700 households in East Africa that at least 50% of those households had begun planting trees on their farms in a change from their practices 10 years ago.[6] The trees ameliorate the effects of climate change by helping to stabilize erosion, improving water and soil quality and providing yields of fruit, tea, coffee, oil, fodder and medicinal products in addition to their usual harvest. Agroforestry was one of the most widely adopted adaptation strategies in the study, along with the use of improved crop varieties and intercropping.[6] Applications Agroforestry represents a wide diversity in application and in practice. One listing includes over 40 distinct uses.[3] The 40 or so applications can be roughly classified under a few broad headings. There are visual similarities between practices in different categories. This is expected as categorization is based around the problems addressed (countering winds, high rainfall, harmful insects, etc.) and the overall economic constraints and objectives (labor and other inputs costs, yield requirements, etc.). The categories include : †¢Parklands †¢Shade systems †¢Crop-over-tree systems †¢Alley cropping †¢Strip cropping †¢Fauna-based systems †¢Boundary systems †¢Taungyas †¢Physical support systems †¢Agroforests. Parkland Parklands are visually defined by the presence of trees widely scattered over a large agricultural plot or pasture. The trees are usually of a single species with clear regional favorites. Among the benefits, the trees offer shade to grazing animals, protect crops against strong wind bursts, provide tree prunings for firewood, and are a roost for insect or rodent-eating birds. There are other gains. Research with Faidherbia albida in Zambia showed that mature trees can sustain maize yields of 4.1 tonnes per hectare compared to 1.3 tonnes per hectare without these trees. Unlike other trees, Faidherbia sheds its nitrogen-rich leaves during the rainy crop growing season so it does not compete with the crop for light, nutrients and water. The leaves then regrow during the dry season and provide land cover and shade for crops.[7] Shade systems With shade applications, crops are purposely raised under tree canopies and within the resulting shady environment. For most uses, the understory crops are shade tolerant or the overstory trees have fairly open canopies. A conspicuous example is shade-grown coffee. This practice reduces weeding costs and increases the quality and taste of the coffee.[8][9] Crop-over-tree systems Not commonly encountered, crop-over-tree systems employ woody perennials in the role of a cover crop. For this, small shrubs or trees pruned to near ground level are utilized. The purpose, as with any cover crop, is to increase in-soil nutrients and/or to reduce soil erosion. Alley cropping With alley cropping, crop strips alternate with rows of closely spaced tree or hedge species. Normally, the trees are pruned before planting the crop. The cut leafy material is spread over the crop area to provide nutrients for the crop. In addition to nutrients, the hedges serve as windbreaks and eliminate soil erosion. Alley cropping has been shown to be advantagous in Africa, particularly in relation to improving maize yields in the sub-Saharan region. Use here relies upon the nitrogen fixing tree species Sesbania sesban, Tephrosia vogelii, Gliricidia sepium and Faidherbia albida. In one example, a ten-year experiment in Malawi showed that, by using fertilizer trees such as Tephrosia vogelii and Gliricidia sepium, maize yields averaged 3.7 tonnes per hectare as compared to one tonne per hectare in plots without fertilizer trees or mineral fertilizer.[10] Strip cropping Strip cropping is similar to alley cropping in that trees alternate with crops. The difference is that, with alley cropping, the trees are in single row. With strip cropping, the trees or shrubs are planted in wide strip. The purpose can be, as with alley cropping, to provide nutrients, in leaf form, to the crop. With strip cropping, the trees can have a purely productive role, providing fruits, nuts, etc. while, at the same time, protecting nearby crops from soil erosion and harmful winds. Fauna-based systems Silvopasture over the years (Australia). There are situations where trees benefit fauna. The most common examples are the silvopasture where cattle, goats, or sheep browse on grasses grown under trees.[11] In hot climates, the animals are less stressed and put on weight faster when grazing in a cooler, shaded environment. Other variations have these animals directly eating the leaves of trees or shrubs. There are similar systems for other types of fauna. Deer and hogs gain when living and feeding in a forest ecosystem, especially when the tree forage suits their dietary needs. Another variation, aquaforestry, is where trees shade fish ponds. In many cases, the fish eat the leaves or fruit from the trees. Boundary systems A riparian buffer bordering a river in Iowa. The are a number of applications that fall under the heading of a boundary system. These include the living fences, the riparian buffer, and windbreaks. †¢A living fence can be a thick hedge or fencing wire strung on living trees. In addition to restricting the movement of people and animals, living fences offer habitat to insect-eating birds and, in the case of a boundary hedge, slow soil erosion. †¢Riparian buffers are strips of permanent vegetation located along or near active watercourses or in ditches where water runoff concentrates. The purpose is to keep nutrients and soil from contaminating surface water. †¢Windbreaks reduce the velocity of the winds over and around crops. This increases yields through reduced drying of the crop and/or by preventing the crop from toppling in strong wind gusts. Taungyas Taungya is a system originating in Burma. In the initial stages of an orchard or tree plantation, the trees are small and widely spaced. The free space between the newly planted trees can accommodate a seasonal crop. Instead of costly weeding, the underutilized area provides an additional output and income. More complex taungyas use the between-tree space for a series of crops. The crops become more shade resistant as the tree canopies grow and the amount of sunlight reaching the ground declines. If a plantation is thinned in the latter stages, this opens further the between-tree cropping opportunities. Physical support systems In the long history of agriculture, trellises are comparatively recent. Before this, grapes and other vine crops were raised atop pruned trees. Variations of the physical support theme depend upon the type of vine. The advantages come through greater in-field biodiversity. In many cases, the control of weeds, diseases, and insect pests are a primary motive. Agroforests These are widely found in the humid tropics and are referenced by different names (forest gardening, forest farming, tropical home gardens and, where short-statured trees or shrubs dominate, shrub gardens). Agroforests, in many ways, epitomize agroforestry. Through a complex, disarrayed mix of trees, shrubs, vines, and seasonal crops, these systems, through their high levels of biodiversity, achieve the ecological dynamics of a forest ecosystem. Because of the internal ecology, they tend to be less susceptible to harmful insects, plant diseases, drought, and wind damage. Although they can be high yielding, complex systems tend to produce a large number of outputs. These are not utilized when a large volume of a single crop or output is required.

Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Essay

Many people are constantly discussing the issue of welfare recipients abusing the system and spending their money on drugs while receiving government assistance. This issue has brought forward a possible solution of states passing legislation that will require welfare applicants to submit to a drug test before receiving any sort of government assistance. Drug testing welfare applicants before allowing them to receive assistance is a positive idea because most employers require drug tests to be taken by applicants pre-employment. This will help make sure that the government funding is being put toward the family and the needs of the household, and also because in the future it will benefit the children growing up in the home. All welfare applicants should be drug tested prior to receiving funds. Most employers today require pre-employment drug screens and some employers also drug test their employees randomly throughout their time of employment. They do this to ensure that they are hiring a responsible employee that will not show up to their place of employment while under the influence of illegal substances. As everyone knows, illegal substances that employees test for are typically mind altering medications that prevent people from functioning normally and doing their job to their full potential. Working while under the influence of illegal drugs also poses a safety risk to the employee and surrounding employees. If to earn an income at most jobs people are required to pass a pre-employment drug screen, there is no reason that to earn an income provided by the state should be any different. Some employers also require their employees to submit to random drug tests while employed with their company or business so that no one can â€Å"cheat the system. † This helps employers make sure that their employees are drug free at all times. When a welfare applicant is granted assistance, the state assumes that all of their means of income are being used to buy items that are needed by the family and by the household. However that is not always the case. In some welfare cases the recipients are abusing drugs. By drug testing the recipients before granting their request for assistance and then randomly drug testing them throughout the time frame that assistance is required, this will significantly lower the amount of recipients that abuse drugs. Arizona representative and member of the Committee on Health and Human services, Kimberly Yee states that, â€Å"Arizona established a program in 2009 to test welfare recipients for drug abuse when there’s a reasonable suspicion of drug use. This program confronts addicts with their drug abuse problems so they may quickly receive treatment and become productive members of society again. † If welfare recipients confront their problem and become productive members of society it will ensure that any possible income will be going toward things that the family and children need such as food and clothing. Children who are raised by sober parents start off with a chance at a brighter future than children who are raised under the care of a drug addict. Parents who work regular jobs and are required to pass a pre-employment drug screen are able to provide more for their children. Instead of spending their money on drugs or alcohol, they use it to buy items for their children. Sober parents have more money to buy food to make sure that their children are well nourished. Sober parents also have more money to buy items like books, coloring books, crayons, markers, or arts and crafts supplies which will all be assets to a child’s learning and development. Children of sober parents are more likely to be able to join groups or teams in schools also which will help them socialize. All in all, growing up with sober parents benefits children and can seriously affect their future positively. Growing up with parents who use illegal drugs could create a pattern throughout their children, and they could end up using drugs as well when they grow up. The Office on Child Abuse and Neglect, Children’s Bureau, ICF International states that, â€Å"Children who experience either prenatal or postnatal drug exposure are at risk for a range of emotional, academic, and developmental problems. For example, they are more likely to: experience symptoms of depression and anxiety, suffer from psychiatric disorders, exhibit behavior problems, score lower on school achievement tests, and demonstrate difficulties in school† (â€Å"Protecting Children†). If we can lessen the amount of children that are forced to grow up with â€Å"high† parents, we can brighten the future for everybody. Drug testing welfare applicants before allowing them to receive government assistance will be beneficial because most employers require drug tests to be taken by applicants pre-employment, it will help make sure that the government funding is being put toward the needs of the household, and also because in the future it will benefit the children growing up in the home. If to go out into the public and get a job you are required to pass a pre-employment drug screen, then there is no reason that to earn income from the government should be treated any differently. Drug testing welfare recipients will increase the number of children raised by sober parents instead of parents that are under the influence of illegal substances. States passing legislation to require welfare applicants to submit to a drug test before they are granted assistance will only benefit people positively. Works Cited â€Å"Protecting Children in Families Affected by Substance Use Disorders. † Child Welfare Information Gateway. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009. Web. 18 Sept. 2013. Yee, Kimberly. â€Å"Opposing view: No drug test, no welfare. † USA Today News. Ed. Brent Jones. USA Today, 18 Mar. 2012. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.

Breastfeeding and the Sexual Objectification of Women

Female breastfeeding and sexual objectivation Women's sexual objectivity is harmful not only for women but also for their children and even the environment. This objective may interfere with women breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is very beneficial for mothers, babies, and the environment. Breastfeeding children are unlikely to cause ear infections, allergies, vomiting, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, chronic gastrointestinal disorders, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, bacterial meningitis, breastfeeding is sudden I know that it helps to prevent death. Illness (SIDS), lactating women are low The concept of sexual objectivization, especially women's objectiveness, is an important idea in feminist theory and feminist psychology. Many feminists believe that sexual objectiveness plays an important role in sexual inequality. Psychologists associate objectivity with the physical and mental health risks of women. The male objectivity of men includes women who are mainly considered male sexual desires rather than whole people. There are disagreement about discomfort, but many feminists believe that women are objectiveized in ads, art, and sexually oriented accounts in the media. In prostitution, men evaluate or judge gender and aesthetics of women in public places and activities such as beauty contests. Men play a role in reducing women's sexuality, especially in male friendship groups and the environment, and by reducing the consumption of media by sex. But women also promote women's sexuality and self-objectiveness. For example, in many female groups, we habitually critically evaluate the appearance of ourselves and others and talk about clothes, hair, weight and cosmetics. Mothers often educate their daughters self-objectively by focusing on their daughter's weight and clothing, and by overly focusing on the appearance of the body through imitation. Self-objectiveness exerts a certain influence on the thought processes and actions of women's physical activity a nd sexual activity, but it is unlikely that emotions on the body of a woman, including functions that can not be separated from the body of a woman, such as menstruation and breastfeeding Also relevant. Consistent with the theory of objectiveness, habitual physical monitoring is a feature of self-objectiveness that influences the influence of women on the body (Breines, Crocker, Garcia, 2008). For example, in a qualitative survey, we believe that women's samples of self-identifying feminists express themselves boldly care about their bodies and are trained by others in terms of appearance, speech, and behavior It was. ), Page 34

Kiva as a Non-Profit Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Kiva as a Non-Profit Organization - Assignment Example Another reason for Kiva’s success is the popularity of micro-financing for small investors and this financing motivates them to start their own business, and then pay back the amount. The internet has benefited the company as there are no entry barriers and this is because the company has been able to reach globally. The method of the transaction is easy and fast which is another advantage for the company. Many international celebrities are also responsible for the success of Kiva as they regularly support the cause of the company by participating in different events organized by Kiva (Zenker). The reason why Kiva is different from other organizations is that it employs different strategies that ensure the repayment of loans taken by people from different countries. The company has made different field partners who are directly responsible for providing and collecting loans for the company (Anderson and Ramirez). These partners are either small firms or individuals working in different countries for making operations of Kiva unique from others. The product philosophy of Kiva also makes the company different from other organizations as lending is perceived as a method of communicating with other people (Anderson and Ramirez). The company believes that lending is related to the exchange of information, and it creates a strong binding and communication between the people involved in this trade. The focus of Kiva is not on profit, and this is because it is different from other lending organizations. The company believes in making business relationship with people rather than b enefactor association and unlike other non-profit organizations that are appealed by people’s compassion, Kiva is attracted towards them because of its interest in businesses (Anderson and Ramirez). The Kiva model can work for larger loans if the company is able to make a strong chain of field partners in countries where  heavy loans are provided to large firms or organizations.

Hospitality Service Operations Management report Essay

Hospitality Service Operations Management report - Essay Example easure, track and monitor as well as continuously improving efficiency of services, quality and availability in hospitality operational environment (Knowles et al 2004). The strategy to be employed include external analysis (this assess the clients, the marketplace, and competition) self analysis (this is the evaluation of business performance) strategy identification (this covers product strategies like product profile, target, and position) there is also an aspect of functional strategy which is basically differentiation. Strategy selection is the last stage that includes real scenario with core competencies in play (Knowles et al 2004). The following are very critical components of marketing that were addressed before real implementation of the plan; strategic objective (market share and profitability), customers (products position and market segment), and strategic focus. The corporate market has been very tricky for Sunshine Hotel. This is indicated by the competitor sales report. This hotel is operating at average capital in relation to other hotels. Promotion - The marketing style adopted by hospitality Service Company was direct selling where advertisements were made through the media, fliers and mailing. Product- were packaged strategically so that clients could get packaged brands of services like transport accommodation and entertainment in one package. The hotel offered mini bar service, hotel shop, business service and internet (Kandampully & Sparks 2001). Price- the prices were set strategically in that some services will be packaged together, prices will vary seasonally and that collective purchases were discounted. Sales-sales were increased by diversifying the products; this means we operate bars, restaurants, accommodation, entertainment, transport, conference facility and internet. This resulted in the high corporate sales per weekday (847). Average room rates were fairly high (Kandampully & Sparks 2001). Leisure Market: Leisure market seems

Employment-At-Will Doctrine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Employment-At-Will Doctrine - Research Paper Example Legally, an organization has the right to terminate the services of an employer if he or she proves incompetent. A manger or an employer has a fundamental role of solving performance issues in the organization. In essence, the best way to handle an employee’s productivity or performance is through creating a performance evaluation system. This system cultivates a culture where collaboration and communication will assist in addressing such problems. In the first case of Jenifer, since she is a new recruit to the company, I will ensure that she receives more training on computer packages even though she has had training already (DelPo & Guerin, 2011). In addition, as a manager, my responsibilities include ensuring that all employees fully gratify their job descriptions. In this regard, I would institute a probation period for Jenifer, during which her skills, abilities and competence would be evaluated and monitored to fit to the company’s employment environment (DelPo & Guerin, 2011). The results of the analysis during the probation period would mark the conclusion of the work contract or the termination of the employment contract. Since all the employees in an organization were employed through a competitive process of recruitment, they all were hired according to their skills and abilities. Needless to say, all the employees submitted documents which were too used in the process of recruitment. As a manager, I would also go back to assess the documents submitted recorded during the interview of not only Jenifer but also all the employees. After reviewing the information, I would notify all the employees of a periodical evaluation. This would offer a platform where the employees can express their worries or proposals to enhance the working environment. In addition, this will provide the company with an opportunity to document and evaluate worker’s performance. As an accounting manager, my role entails ensuring that the firm offers outstandi ng services to the clients above all when it is about their tax and finance preparations. If after the evaluations Jenifer will not have improved, then I will express my worries regarding her lack of ability to carry out simple computer tasks (DelPo & Guerin, 2011). In the second case, Jenifer seems to do whatever she feels and does not care about anyone else in the organization or whatever they feel. In addition, she seems to express her threat on termination of her employment contract. Jenifer’s behavior is unacceptable and sustaining such a behavior in the organization may be a virus to the company. Her attitude may not only kill the morale of her immediate team but also the employees around her. This will kill the morale of the employees and result in low worker productivity and performance. In reference to Perry (1997), motivation is an internal driver in the organization whose direction is directed by behavior. As a manager, I would set up measures that addresses and de als with her behavior once it happens. I would not wait to an hour or a day later or arrange a meeting to discuss that matter. Chances are, this will just worsen the situation. Jenifer acts in such a manner because she feels that she is being criticized and insulted. Giving her time to brood about the argument will only offer her adequate time to give good reasons for her attitude before I can have the

GUCCI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GUCCI - Essay Example The Gucci is also the largest fashion brand found in Italia. Therefore, based on marketing mix, the discussion below gives the case study of the Gucci Fashion Brand (Benbow- Pfalzgraf 2002, p.58). The manner and the activities the firm does to promote its products arereferred to as the marketing mix. In other words, marketing mix is the tactic a firm uses to promote or advertise its products in the market. The marketing mix involves the product, price, place, and promotion; referred to as the 4Ps. However, more other aspects have been incorporated to the 4Ps (Bergh, &Behrer2013, p.39). These include the positioning, which refers to the geographical positioning of the firm, or the general outlook, packaging of the products, political effects and the people involved (Bowman, &Gatignon 2010, p. 98). The main importance of the marketing mix is that the Ps influences each other and it results to expansion and flourishing of the business if the 4Ps work together. In case the Ps do not work together, it can result into the collapse of the business. The marketing mix requires a lot of marketing research to be incorporated, it also entails a lot of understanding among the practitioner s, and finally, it involves a lot of business consultations between the practitioners and the manufactures and also several others (Boxwell1994, p.71). In 1921, the leather and Label Firm started as a small luggage store. Working in a hotel in London equippedGuccio Gucci with English language and hence he could be able to handle the customers. The Gucci Fashion Brands expanded rapidly and it resulted into the opening of a boutique in Rome. Guccio designed all the products of the firm, and in 1947, he designed the Bamboo bag. The Bamboo bag became the icon product of the Gucci. According to the marketing mix, the product of the business is one of the

Ancient art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient art - Essay Example The statues being both Roman replicas represent goddesses. Aphrodite is most probably an amulet; protector of women and marriage in Syria and Egypt, many wedding contracts in the first centuries CE included a small statue as part of dowry. The statue being entirely nude provides the pretext for observation of the female body, the perfect body of a goddess for that matter. She wears only gold bracelets and is about to remove her sandal leaning on a pillar. Holding either an apple or a ball of makeup in her hand she is gracefully leaning to depict the balance and elegance of the goddess Aphrodite and the beauty of her naked body. Being a gift prior to marriage the statue represents the beauty and charm of the female body and might be considered a charm of reproduction for healthy and beautiful babies. Tyche, being the goddess of good fortune and strongly tied to Antioch is the protector of the city. Gracefully sited on a rock with crossed legs and a crown of crenulated towers to represent the city walls she is dressed with a lavish drapery, a symbol of abundance. She is holding a sheaf of corn in her right hand to symbolise wealth and welfare. The sculpture is thought to have been created for the celebration of the city of Antioch besides the river Orontes in the third century BCE.

Impact of Privatisation on the Sustainability of Water in the United Essay

Impact of Privatisation on the Sustainability of Water in the United Arab Emirates - Essay Example Marketing originates with the recognition of a need on the part of a consumer and terminates with the satisfaction of that need by the delivery of a usable product at the right time, at the right place and at an acceptable price. Marketing is a key function of management. It brings success to business organization. A business organization performs two key functions producing goods and services and making them available to potential customers for use. An organization business success largely depends on how efficiently the products and services are delivered to customers and how differently do the customers perceive the difference in delivery in comparison to the competitors. This is true of all firms – from large business enterprises to small firms, from multinationals operating in different countries to small firms operating in small markets. Marketing is a complex system of application as it involves of knowing the customers needs and wants. Customers’ perceptions chan ge individually and one firm cannot satisfy customers needs, but it can strive to reach the standards. To know the customer expectations market research and analysis is required. The market research involves estimating the viability of the product launch in the region, the expectations of the customers from the product the approximate number of takers for the particular product. the number of existing competitors, life of the product. To arrive to a decision a lot has to be spent to do the market research without expecting any profit of this act. ... a. Desalination equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b. Gas and Steam Turbine Plants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c. Water Supply Distribution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d. Irrigation Equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 e. sub-station monitoring 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5. Does the company regularly conduct research/case studies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6. How do you rate the potability of water supplied to our homes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. How is the water supply in: a. Fujairah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b. Dubai 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c. Abu Dhabi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8. Which sector can provide a higher volume of water supply a. Private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b. semi-private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c. government 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9. A private firm should be subjected to directives of a public agency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10. Can your company provide enough volume of water supply to its consumers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. Can your company with its present technology and machinery meet the growing demands of Population.. 10 years from now 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 years from now 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12. Which emirate has the highest volume of water demands a. Fujairah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b. Dubai 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c. Abu Dhabi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B. COST EFFECTIVITY 1. With regards to the cost of services, which sector has the highest charge Private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Semi-Private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Government 1 2 3

IT Trends Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Trends - Research Paper Example It also has high speed data access connectivity through Wi-Fi and Mobile broadband. (Mashable, 2012). The main incentive of using a smartphone is its convenience and portability. As it combines advanced mobile phone features with a personal computing machine, it can easily be compared to a PC or laptop without the unnecessary bulk and weight. Its duality allows the owner flexibility by being able to access emails and Office documents. It is a hand-held device that is easy to be carried around and used at any point of contact. It bridges connections between more people and locations at anytime. With the increased adoption of several applications, information has become easier to access and share. Recent years have seen health professionals increase their use of this new technology that facilitates mobile computing at the point of care. As the healthcare system is highly mobile in nature, it necessitates several interactions with multiple locations like clinics, laboratories, emergency departments among others. The adoption of the smartphones by health professionals demonstrates the opportunity for improved clinical communication, access to information and clinical tools at the point of care, or anywhere at any time (Mosa, Yoo, & Sheets, 2012) Healthcare Information Management is not easy task as it entails large amounts of data in both paper-based and electronic versions. Paper-based medical records are generated by healthcare centers and encounter several challenges relating to processing, storage and retrieval. These are compounded with the need to compile diagnostic data and test results usually ordered by the medical doctors. These results to more hours dedicated to administrative tasks than actual patient care. The ongoing initiative to shift to Electronic Health Record (EHR) or Electronic Medical Record System (EMR) will make medical records management easier and

Ancient Indian Mathematics Essay Example for Free

Ancient Indian Mathematics Essay There are opposing views prevalent regarding the prominence of mathematics in ancient India. One, there are those who make excessive claims for the antiquity of Indian mathematics with the motive of emphasizing the uniqueness of Indian mathematical achievements. Whereas, the other conflicting views denies the existence of any ‘real’ Indian mathematics before A. D. 500. This view is the result of deeply entrenched Euro centrism that does not negotiate with the idea of independent developments in early Indian mathematics. Whereas mathematics grew out of philosophy in ancient Greece, it was an outcome of linguistic developments in India. In fact the algebraic character of ancient Indian mathematics is but a byproduct of the well-established linguistic tradition of representing numbers by words. ? Around 800 B. C. Vedic mathematics declined and Jains School of mathematics gradually which was to do notable work in the field. ? From about 200 B. C. was period of instability and fragmentation due to foreign invasions but also of useful cross cultural contacts. Probably the only piece of existing mathematical evidence from this period is the Bakhshali manuscript. ? This period ranges from 3rd to 12th centuries and is referred to as the classical period of Indian civilization. Mathematical activities reached a climax with the appearance of the famous quartet: Brahmagupta, Mahvika and Bhaskracharya. Indian work on astronomy and mathematics spread westward, reaching the Islamic world where it was absorbed, refined and augmented before being transmitted to Europe. This last period described as the medieval period of Indian history, saw the migration of astronomy and mathematics from the north to south. Particularly in present day state of Kerala, this was a period marked by remarkable studies of infinite series and mathematical analysis that predated similar works in Europe by about three hundred years. Harappan society was a highly organized society. There is every possibility that the town dwellers were skilled in mensuration and practical ar ithmetic of a bid similar to what was practiced in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Archaeological findings from that period provide the following indications of the numerate culture of that society: ? It shows uniformity of weights over such a wide area and time which is quite unusual in the history of metrology. Taking 27. 584 grams as a standard, representing 1, the other weights form a series of 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 5, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500. Such standardization and durability is a strong indication of a numerate culture with wellestablished, centralized system of weights and measures. Scales and instruments for measuring length have also been discovered with remarkably high accuracy. A notable feature of Harappan culture was its extensive use of kiln-fired bricks and the advanced level of its brick-making technology. These bricks are exceptionally well baked and of excellent quality and may still be used over and over again provided some care is taken in removing them in the first place. Fifteen different sizes of Harappan bricks have been identif ied with standard ratio of the three dimensions as 4:2:1. It was thought until recently that from them evolved first the Bakhshali Number system and then the Gwalior system which is recognizably close to our present day number system. In both Bakshati and Gwalior number systems, ten symbols were used to represent 1 to 9 and zero. With them it became possible to express any number, irrespective of its largeness, by a decimal place value system. Long lists of number- names for powers of 10 are found in various early sources. In the Ramayana, it is reported that Rama had an army of 1010 +1014 +1020 +1024 +1030 +1034 +1040 +1044 +1052 +1057 +1062 +5 men. The very existence of names for powers of ten up to sixty two indicates that the Vedic Indians were quite at home with very large numbers. This is to be compared with ancient Greeks, who had no words for numbers above the myriad (104). The Jains who came after the Vedic Indians were particularly fascinated by even larger numbers which were intimately tied up with their philosophy of time and space. For units of measuring time, the Jains suggested following relationship: 1 purvis = 756 * 1011 days 1 shirsa prahelika = (8,400,000)28 purvis The last number contains 194 digits! The word numeral system was the logical outcome of proceeding by the multiples of 10. Such a system presupposes a scientifically based vocabulary of number names in which the principles of addition, subtraction and multiplication are used. Â  Due to oral mode of preserving and disseminating knowledge, the wordnumeral system persisted in India. As a replacement to this, a new concrete system was devised to help versification and memory, known as bhutasamkhya, wherein numbers were indicated by well-known objects or ideas.

Japanese American internment of 1942 Essay Example for Free

Japanese American internment of 1942 Essay The Japanese American internment which took place during the second world war referred to the relocation and confinement of over 100,000 people who were Japanese Americans or nationals of Japan. These people were taken to housing facilities which were commonly known as the war relocation camps. This internment was carried out selectively in the United States with most of those who were interned being individuals who were living in the west coast of the country. This operation of forceful internment of the Japanese American people was carried out during the reign of the then president of United States Franklin Roosevelt. He authorized this operation using the executive order 9066 which gave the military leaders power to change military areas to exclusion places where all individuals living in them had to be removed. Using this order, the military declared that individuals who were Japanese or who had ancestry connection with the Japanese were to be excluded especially in the pacific coast. This included those who were living in Oregon, Washington and in California. This order however exempted the individuals who were living in the internment camps (McClellan, pp 23). Why were Japanese Americans interned during World War II? During the Second World War, the Japanese had formed an alliance with the Nazi’s of Germany thus posing great security risk to the United States. War panic thus broke especially after the Japanese attacked and bombed the Pearl Harbor. During this period also, there were so many Japanese and Japanese Americans who had settled in America following unsustainable population growth in Japan. Some of these Japanese and Japanese Americans had joined the American army thus pledging allegiance to the United States. However, due to the fact that Japan was an enemy, there was panic that the Japanese Americans who were serving in the American army could aid the enemies. Confining them was thus necessary to ensure that there were no cases of treason thus defeat of the United States and its alliances during the war against the Nazis (Kelly, Para 4). One of the major reasons which led to the Japanese American intern was the Pearl Harbor attack which took place in 1941. This made the United States to believe that the Japanese had prepared to fully attack the west coast. This believes intensified after the attack of shelling in 1942 which was a submarine belonging to the oil refinery of California. Japanese military conquest in most of Asia during that time also made United States to conclude that Japanese were unstoppable and that they could attack the country. Since most of the Japanese Americans were living in the west coast, they were considered a security risk thus there was a need to confine them to the internment camps. The fear of the attack thus led to the ultimate internment of the Japanese American people during the Second World War (Japan-101. com, Para 6). Another reason which led to the internment of the Japanese American people during the Second World War was due to what was referred to as the magic codes of the Japanese. During this period, the united states were unable to break the Japanese naval codes which were vital in enabling Americans obtain information regarding the Japanese ciphers. Military advisors argued that in case the Japanese naval decided to change those codes, America would not be able to break them again especially due to the language barriers which existed. The United States argued that by confining and prosecuting some of the Japanese Americans, these people could reveal some of the information regarding the Japanese ciphers. The effort of Americans to break the codes was generally referred to as â€Å"magic†. Breaking these codes was vital because battle of midway which Americans had won was attributed to the successful breaking of the Japanese codes (McClellan, pp 45). Some of the Japanese Americans were acting as spies for the Japanese naval which made the confinement of the Japanese Americans necessary. The spy ring which was a Japanese spying group increased the apprehension of the Americans concerning their security. The Nihau incident was one example of treason and espionage. This incident occurred after the attack of the Pearl Harbor. During this attack, two Japanese Americans were reported to have freed a Japanese pilot who had been captured and they also helped him in attacking the native Hawaiians who were living in that area. Such incidences led to the internment of the Japanese Americans as they were assisting the enemies of the country thus posing greater risks to the security of United States. Some of the Japanese American population was disloyal to the government of United States and this was a major threat to the Americans especially during the war period. To ensure that all the spies were not in any contact with the Japanese naval, internment was hence the means thus it was carried out (Japan-101. com, Para 8). The issue of interment revolved around prejudice and fear which American people had against the Japanese Americans. A report which suggested that espionage by the Japanese Americans had led to the Pearl Harbor attack only served to increase the prejudice which was already held by the American people. After this report California newspapers also endorsed this move of mass evacuation thus making the operation more successful. The then American politicians also openly supported this move thus making it more successful. The sentiments that the Americans held against the Japanese Americans thus aided in the internment operation. Other non military reasons which led to the internment of the Japanese Americans especially from the west coast included the competition which these people had brought to that area especially in the agricultural sector. During this period, the white farmers did not like the farmers who were Japanese Americans though this was mostly triggered by self interests. The Japanese Americans had brought high competition in this region especially in farming and as such, the white farmers thought that internment was a good avenue of ensuring that the Japanese were permanently removed from this area thus reducing competition in the farming sector. This was however not based on racial discrimination but the threat the Japanese were posing on white farmers (Japan-101. com, Para 11). It is also argued xenophobia also contributed greatly to the Japanese American interment. During the Second World War, Japan had gained considerable power while the United States had become weaker in military terms. By the fact that Japan had formed alliances with Germany and Italy, and the subsequent recession of the United States power, this threatened the superiority of the United States. Need to remain in control led America to declare the exclusion laws for all the persons who were being viewed as enemy aliens thus reducing any possibility of the Nazis winning. By concentration the Japanese Americans and interning the soldiers and others who were being regarded as enemy aliens, this reduced the purported threat of collapse of the superpower or attack by the Japanese. This also was meant to ensure that the Japanese never got to know the military operations of the Americans (Campbell, Para 3). Reasons which contributed to the Japanese American internment included racial prejudices which were widely held by the Americans against the Japanese and also flaws in the then constitution and the administrators. Today most people argue that the correct name for this operation could have been confinement rather than internment since this operation was not meant to punish the people but to ensure that no acts of treason were being carried out. However, this was a violation of human rights and the United States after the Second World War closed all the internment camps and most of the survivors were compensated. Also, in 1988, the then president of the United States apologized on behalf of the country to Japanese Americans who had gone through the internment (Kelly, Para 9). Conclusion The Japanese American internment continues to raise many questions about its validity and legality especially because most of the intermitted persons were innocent and not â€Å"alien enemies†. Although the government of the United States justifies its acts owing to the security threats which the Japanese were posing to it, these claims have been refuted saying that the threats were not real and that their magnitudes were highly magnified. Despite the flaws of the Japanese American internment of the Second World War, this period forms an important part of the American and the Japanese history. Work Cited: Campbell, Jason J. : Xenophobia and the Internment of Japanese-Americans. (2009). Retrieved on 27th March 2009 from, http://blogcritics. org/archives/2009/03/03/072730. php. Japan-101. com: Japanese American Internment Removal of Japanese and Japanese Americans during WW II. Retrieved on 27th March 2009 from, http://www. japan-101. com/history/japanese_american_internment. htm. Kelly, Martin: Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar during World War II. Retrieved on 27th March 2009 from, http://americanhistory. about. com/cs/worldwarii/a/internment. htm. McClellan, Jim R. : Changing Interpretations of Americas Past: Changing Interpretations of Americas Past, Volume 2. (1999). Published by McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0072285060

Proposed System for Plagiarism Detection

Proposed System for Plagiarism Detection Chapter 3 The Proposed System Introduction This chapter introduces ZPLAG as proposed system, and its most important design issues are explained in details. It is very easy for the student to find the documents and magazines using advanced search engines, so the problem of electronic thefts is no longer local or regional, but has become a global problem occurring in many areas. Due to the Hugging of information, and correlation networks, the discovery of electronic thefts is a difficult task, and the discovery of the thefts started in the Arabic language and the most difficult task no doubt. And in light of the growing e-learning systems in the Arab countries, this requires special techniques to detect thefts electronic written in Arabic. And although it could use some search engines like Google, it is very difficult to copy and paste the sentences in the search engines to find these thefts. For this reason, it must be develop a good tool for the discovery of electronic thefts written Arabic language to protect e-learning systems, and to facilitate and accelerate the learning process, where it can automatically detect electronic thefts automatically by this tool. This thesis shows, ZPLAG, a system that works on the Internet to enable specialists to detect thefts of electronic texts in Arabic so it can be integrated with e-learning systems to ensure the safety of students and research papers and scientific theses of electronic thefts. The thesis also describes the major components of this system, including stage outfitted, and in the end we will establish an experimental system on a set of documents and Arabic texts and compared the results obtained with some of the existing systems, particularly TurnItIn. The chapter is organized as follow; Section 3.2 presents an overview of the Arabic E-Learning, Section 3.3 presents and explains the General Overview of the Proposed System, Section 3.4 explains in details the system architecture of the proposed system ZPLAG. Section 3.5 gives a summery for this chapter. General Overview of the Proposed System The proposed system consists of three different phases namely; (1) Preparation phase, (2) Processing phase, and (3) Similarity detection phase. Figure 3.1 depicts the phases of the proposed system. Figure 3.1 Proposed system phases Preparation Phases: this phase is responsible for collecting and prepares the documents for the next phase. It consists of five modules: text editor module, check language module, check spelling module, check grammar module, and Sentences analysis module. Text editor module allows the user to input a text or upload a text file in document format, these files can be processed in the next phase. The check language module is responsible for checking the input file written language, If it is an Arabic language then use Arabic process, or English language then use English process. The check spelling module use to check the words are written correct or there is some misspelling. This phase consists of three modules explained as follows: Tokenization: break up the input text as some token . SWR: remove the common words that appear in the text but carry little meaning. Rooting: is the process of removing: (prefixes, infixes, or/and suffixes) from words to get the roots or stems of this word Replacement of Synonym: words are converted to their synonyms. Similarity detection Phases: It is consists of three modules Fingerprinting, documents representation and similarity detection, this phase discussed as follows: To calculate fingerprints of any document, first cut up the text into small pieces called chunks, the chunking method that responsible for cutting up the text will be determined [12]. A unit of chunk could be a sentence or a word. In case of chunking using sentences called sentence-based, the document can be cutted into small chunks based on ‘C’ parameter. For example, a document containing sentences ds1 ds2 ds3 ds4 ds5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be ds1 ds2 ds3, ds2 ds3 ds4, ds3 ds4 ds5. For example, a document containing words dw1 dw2 dw3 dw4 dw5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be dw1 dw2 dw3, dw2 dw3 dw4, dw3 dw4 dw5. The chunking using Word gives higher precision in similarity detection than the chunking sentence. The Architecture pf Proposed System The following properties should be satisfied by any system detecting plagiarism in natural language: Insensitivity to small matches. Insensitivity to punctuation, capitalization, etc. Insensitivity to permutations of the document content. The system main architecture of ZPLAG is illustrated in Figur1. Preparation: text editor, check language, check spelling, and check grammar. Preprocess: synonym replacement, tokenization, rooting, and stop-word removal. Fingerprinting: the use of n-gram, where the user choses the parameter n. Document representation: for each document, create a document tree structure that describes its internal representation. Selection of a similarity: use of a similarity metric to find the longest match of two hash strings. As mentioned in the previous section, the system architecture breakdown contains three main phases. Each phase will be composed to a set of modules in terms of system functionality. The following section contains the description of each phase and its modules in details. 3.4.1 The Preparation Phase The main task of this phase is to prepare the data for the next phase. It consists of text editor module, check language module, check spelling module and check grammars module. 3.4.1.1. Text editor Module Figure 3.2, illustrates text editor module. The users of the text editor module are faculty members and students, where the users need a text area to upload their files, so the brows helps for file path to make it easy for the users, After that check file format is very important , because the service upload files with doc or docx format, then after the user upload the file , the text editor module save the file in the database. Figure 3.2 text editor module 3.4.1.2 Check Language Module The raw text of the document is treated separately as well. In order to extract terms from text, classic Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are applied as. Figure 3.3 illustrates Check Language module and its functions: from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the check language module bring the file and read it, then check for language either Arabic , English or combo (both Arabic and English), After that mark the document with its written language and save the file again in the system database. Figure 3.3 check language module 3.4.1.3 Check Spelling Module Figure 3.4 illustrates Check spelling module and its functions: after bringing the document from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the check spelling module read the file, and use the web spelling checker, then the check spelling module make all the possible replacements for the words in false spelling check , After that save the file again in the system database. Figure 3.4 check spelling module 3.4.1.4 Check Grammars Module For English documents, Figure 3.5 illustrates Check grammar module and its functions: after bringing the document from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the check grammar module read the file, and use the web grammar checker, After that the check grammar module mark the sentences with the suitable grammar mark and save the file again in the system database. Figure 3.5 check grammar module 3.4.2 The processing Phase 3.4.2.1 The Tokenization Module In the Tokenization module : after bringing the document from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the Tokenization module read the file, and brake down the file into paragraphs, after that brake down the paragraphs into sentences, then brake down the sentence into words. After that save the file again in the system database. 3.4.2.2 The Stop Words Removal and Rooting Module The raw text of the document is treated separately as well. In order to extract terms from text, classic Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are applied as. Figure 3.6 illustrates Stop Words Removal and rooting module and its functions: Figure 3.6: SWR and Rooting module SWR: Common stop words in English include: a, an, the, in, of, on, are, be, if, into, which etc. Whereas stop words in Arabic include: Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   , Ø ¥Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° , Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   , Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° , Ù Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   etc. These words do not provide a significant meaning to the documents . Therefore, they should be removed in order to reduce ‘noise’ and to reduce the computation time. Word Stemming: it will be changed into the word’s basic form. 3.4.2.3 Replacement of Synonym Replacement of Synonym: It may help to detect advanced forms of hidden plagiarism. The first synonym in the list of synonyms of a given word is considered as the most frequent one. 3.4.3 The Similarity Detection Phase 3.4.3.1 The Fingerprinting Module It is consists of three modules Fingerprinting, documents representation and similarity detection, this phase discussed as follows: To calculate fingerprints of any document, first cut up the text into small pieces called chunks, the chunking method that responsible for cutting up the text will be determined [12]. A unit of chunk could be a sentence or a word. In case of chunking using sentences called sentence-based, the document can be cutted into small chunks based on ‘C’ parameter. For example, a document containing sentences ds1 ds2 ds3 ds4 ds5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be ds1 ds2 ds3, ds2 ds3 ds4, ds3 ds4 ds5. In case of chunking using word called a word-based chunking, the document is cutted into small chunks based on ‘C’ parameter. For example, a document containing words dw1 dw2 dw3 dw4 dw5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be dw1 dw2 dw3, dw2 dw3 dw4, dw3 dw4 dw5. The chunking using Word gives higher precision in similarity dete ction than the chunking sentence. ZPLAG is based on a word-based chunking method: in every sentence of a document, words are first chunked and then use a hash function for hashing. 3.4.3.2 The Document Representation Module Document representation: for each document, create a document tree structure that describes its internal representation. 3.4.3.3 The Similarity Detection Module A tree representation is created for each document to describe its logical structure. The root represents the document itself, the second level represents the paragraphs, and the leaf nodes contain the sentences. Summary Being a growing problem, The electronic thefts is generally known as plagiarism and dishonesty academic and they constitute a growing phenomenon, It should be known that way to prevent its spread and preserve the ethical principles that control the academic environments, with easy access to information on the World Wide Web and the large number of digital libraries, electronic thefts have become one of the most important issues that plague universities and scientific centers and research. This chapter presented in detailed description of the proposed system for plagiarism detection in electronic resources and its phases and its functions.

Killer Angels - Chamberlain: A True Leader :: American America History

Killer Angels - Chamberlain: A True Leader Michael Shaara presented Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain in his The Killer Angels not only as a courageous, heroic soldier with outstanding integrity, but depicted him using tremendous leadership skills in a large variety of situations. When we were first introduced to Chamberlain he gave a remarkably motivating speech to over one hundred starved and angry soldiers. With his passionate and honest plea he was able to break through their barriers of hate and betrayal and inspire them to fight for a belief even they could relate to. This act alone convinced me that this man was a talented leader and would have an impressive impact on The Battle of Gettysburg. After each confrontation where casualties occurred Chamberlain was sure to visit with each individual soldier or group of soldiers and be certain they didnt need the attention of a doctor. He also took time to get to know his men and build relationships with them. Through this act Chamberlain gained more respect, even, than Lee because his soldiers not only knew who they were fighting for, but also knew that if they died fighting for him they would die in honor under the command of a caring and passionate man. To be a good soldier you must love the army. But to be a good officer you must be willing to order the death of the thing you love. This is a very hard thing to do. ~Robert E. Lee (The Killer Angels Pg. 191) Chamberlain showed what a good officer he was during the battle on Little Round Top. When he knew his troops were in trouble he had to order his own brother to help fill a spot, risking his life. Throughout the novel Shaara mentions how closely-knit the relationship between the two brothers was yet Chamberlain knew his duty to protect the Union armys flank and was willing to sacrifice both himself and his beloved brother Tom in order to fulfill it.

Community Based Policing Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Police Ess

Community Based Policing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has always been a love-hate relationship between the public and the police. When called upon to help, they can be something sent from God, but when they are writing tickets, or taking a friend to jail, the view changes from a savior to a presence that is unwanted and often hated. An effort to improve the public view of law enforcement is being attempted by many departments. Using different styles of policing techniques, mainly community based policing, has proved to be the best way to improve the image of law enforcement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community based policing can best be defined as, 'a collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems' (Sykes). Community based policing is the idea that the role of the police is not that of catching 'bad guys,' but more that of serving the public. In order for community based policing to have an effect, the presence of crime isn?t needed, in fact it?s often more effective without the involvement of crime, ?Modern police departments are frequently called upon to help citizens resolve a vast array of personal problems--many of which involve no law-breaking activity? (Schmalleger). The role of the police officer in community based policing, is to have an active part in the community. This can be something as simple as stopping in at a school just to talk to the kids, or... Community Based Policing Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Police Ess Community Based Policing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has always been a love-hate relationship between the public and the police. When called upon to help, they can be something sent from God, but when they are writing tickets, or taking a friend to jail, the view changes from a savior to a presence that is unwanted and often hated. An effort to improve the public view of law enforcement is being attempted by many departments. Using different styles of policing techniques, mainly community based policing, has proved to be the best way to improve the image of law enforcement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community based policing can best be defined as, 'a collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems' (Sykes). Community based policing is the idea that the role of the police is not that of catching 'bad guys,' but more that of serving the public. In order for community based policing to have an effect, the presence of crime isn?t needed, in fact it?s often more effective without the involvement of crime, ?Modern police departments are frequently called upon to help citizens resolve a vast array of personal problems--many of which involve no law-breaking activity? (Schmalleger). The role of the police officer in community based policing, is to have an active part in the community. This can be something as simple as stopping in at a school just to talk to the kids, or...

How Mortal Life Heightens the Appreciation of Life in Eliot and Maddy :: Eliot Wasteland Maddy Essays

How Mortal Life Heightens the Appreciation of Life in Eliot and Maddy Mortal loss and the appreciation for life are very important concepts in writing. Both T.S. Eliot and Yulisa Amadu Maddy use this concept very heavily in their writing styles. T. S. Eliot’s major theme in The Waste Land surrounds death and World War One. The title The Waste Land, gives the reader a feeling of being lost in a world of waste and hopeless causes. The first part of the poem, The Waste Land, is titled, "The Burial of the Dead." This negative title gives the reader a sense of gloom and death. The title is very indicative of what is to come later on in the poem. The novel, No Past No Present No Future, by Yulisa Amadu Maddy is very dark and its title gives the audience a sense of hopelessness and no sense of direction. The reader feels that if he or she is not in the past, present, or future, then where is he or she in the circle of life? The beginnings of both pieces of literature give the reader a feeling of being lost and being depressed. Both works, The Waste Lan d and No Past No Present No Future, deal with death and mortal loss, and both authors, Eliot and Maddy use death to show the audience how important life is. In the first couple of lines in The Waste Land Eliot says, "April is the cruellest month, breeding/ Lilacs out of the dead land," (lines 1-2). Breeding Lilacs gives a sense of hope for life, but at the same time, attached to April and its dead land, we are returned to the aspect of death. T.S. Eliot later in the poem states he "will show you fear in a handful of dust," which is a sign of human mortality, and Eliot describes in his poem the appreciation for life because of the threat of mortal loss. Eliot talks about how "the dead tree gives no shelter"(l.23). Without life we have no shelter and no water or the necessities in nature. The examples of the dead and their inadequacy of shelter and water, gives the readers an understanding of what is needed to live. A living being must have shelter and water, and an example without it heightens the appreciation of life. Eliot goes on to talk about the brown fog of London and how all of the people are hanging their heads looking at their fe et.

Comparison Between ‘Christabel’ from S.T.Coleridge’s Christabel and Madeline in John Keats ‘the Eve of St. Agnes’

Hameed Khan Topic: Comparison between ‘Christabel’ from S. T. Coleridge’s Christabel and Madeline in John Keats ‘The eve of St. Agnes’ Christabel from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ‘Christabel’ and Madeline from John Keats ‘The Eve of St. Agnes’ have many striking similarities. Throughout both poems, the two women are constantly referred to as pure, innocent, generally good girls. They are praised by the other characters and by the narrators. However, both women engage in behaviour that defies their descriptions.Occasionally, this behaviour even disrupts gender roles, and the position of the girls in their respective texts in question. The topic of concern is with a particular text in question so there is a limit to what extent this topic expands. The comparison is between the two leading females of their respective texts. The similarities that I want to point out to are limited to the leading female characters only and no t to the entire Poems in concern. On the basis of the review of both the poems and a complete study of individual characters, this paper is an attempt to point to the fact that Madeline in The Eve of St.Agnes shows character similarities in nature and behaviour to that of Christabel in Christabel by S. T. Coleridge. When we start analyzing the text of ‘Christabel’ the first thing that we come to know about her character is that there are many instances when Christabel is described as good. First of all, she is constantly called lovely, or referred to as the lovely lady Christabel â€Å"whom her father loves so well† (Coleridge 3). Christabel is adored by her father. The narrator calls Christabel her father’s joy, his pride, â€Å"So fair, so innocent, so mild† (Coleridge 16).Another aspect of Christabel’s goodness is that she is a devout Christian. The girl is described as a â€Å"youthful hermitess†¦ Who, praying always, prays in sleep † (Coleridge 10). There is one instance where â€Å"Christabel devoutly cried/To the Lady by her side,/Praise we the Virgin all divine/Who hath rescued thee from thy distress! † (Coleridge 6). By giving us details that Christabel is a good Christian, the reader can assume that she is a good person in general. Later, after Christabel takes Geraldine back into her room and Geraldine undresses, the narrator yells â€Å"O shield her! shield sweet Christabel! (Coleridge 8). Christabel is apparently not allowed to look at Geraldine’s body, perhaps in fear of corrupting her innocence. Yet the reader sees that Christabel is not as innocent as she is portrayed. Christabel’s behaviour throughout the poem is far from innocent, and at times could be called inappropriate. The reader is first introduced to Christabel as she is sneaking out of the castle. It is said that â€Å"she in the midnight wood will pray† (Coleridge 3). Automatically, there is something st range about her behaviour. Why would a young woman who presumably has a church in her home go outside to pray?Yet the narrator says that she goes â€Å"To make her gentle vows† (Coleridge 9), so she can’t be doing anything too bad. As Christabel is leaving, the narrator mentions that â€Å"She had dreams all yesternight/Of her own betrothed knight† (Coleridge 3). Not much is said about these dreams, but they can be perceived as either innocent or suspicious. As Christabel meets Geraldine, she is afraid but welcoming to the stranger. When Geraldine seems scared, â€Å"Then Christabel stretched forth her hand /And comforted fair Geraldine† (Coleridge 5). Christabel comforts Geraldine and offers to take her to her house and have her father take her home.Yet Christabel stretching out her hand can also be referring to Eve stretching out her hand and taking the apple from the snake. By stretching out her hand, Christabel is perhaps accepting evil and sin. Later , when Christabel is taking Geraldine home, Geraldine seems to faint. Christabel therefore â€Å"with might and main/Lifted her up, a weary weight,/Over the threshold of the gate† (Coleridge 5). This image of one person carrying another over a threshold and into a home is suspiciously reminiscent of a husband carrying a wife into their new life together.As Christabel is the carrier, she takes on the role of the man. Although she does not do it intentionally, Christabel is already crossing some gender boundaries. Once she finally gets Geraldine inside of her room, one of the first things that Christabel does is offer her some wine: â€Å"O weary lady, Geraldine,/I pray you, drink this cordial wine! /It is a wine of virtuous powers† (Coleridge 7). What are Christabel’s intentions here? Is she simply being friendly, or is she perhaps hoping that she can use the alcohol to manipulate her guest? Then, Christabel undresses, sits own, â€Å"And on her elbow did reclin e/To look at the lady Geraldine† (Coleridge 8) as she undresses. This interest in watching Geraldine undress seems quite uncharacteristic of Christabel, and in fact, that is when the narrator promptly jumps in to shield Christabel’s innocent eyes. After a rather questionable evening, where it can be assumed that the two women did more than just sleep, Christabel awakens and â€Å"Grows sad and soft; the smooth thin lids/Close o’er her eyes; and tears she sheds† (Coleridge 9-10). There are many different explanations for why she is crying.Perhaps it is because she knows that she has sinned, which she admits â€Å"’Sure I have sinn’d! ’† (Coleridge 11). These sins can include bringing Geraldine back into the castle, trying to manipulate her, sleeping with her, etc. So she did perform an uncharacteristic deed, but she feels bad about it so she is crying. But at the same time that she is crying, â€Å"she seems to smile/As infants at a sudden light! † (Coleridge 10). The most likely explanation for this unusual conduct is that Christabel is still under Geraldine’s spell.As she begins to cry, the spell kicks in forcing her to smile dumbly. On the next page, Christabel hopes that her sin will stay hidden: â€Å"and having prayed/That He, who on the cross did groan,/Might wash away her sins unknown† (Coleridge 11). Yes she is praying for forgiveness, but she is also praying that no one finds out about what she did. Would this be considered taking responsibility for her actions? Christabel also ponders the idea that her deceased mother is watching over her in Heaven. She asks â€Å"What if she knew her mother near? But this she knows, in joys and woes,/For the blue sky bends over all! † (Coleridge 10). She is both happy and upset that her mother is watching her. She is probably worried that her mother would not approve of her actions and be ashamed by them. Christabel’s mother wa nted her daughter to marry and have children. That was her duty as a woman of that time. Yet Christabel has just had this potentially lesbian encounter. Later, the girls go to see Sir Leoline and Bard Bracy. Bracy says that he dreamt of a dove who he called Christabel with a snake coiled around its neck.This piece of imagery has both the positive aspect of the girl as the dove, and the negative aspect of the dove being possessed by evil. It further adds to the confusion of the conflicting occurrences and mentions of Christabel’s character. This confusion center’s on the juxtaposition of the positive way the narrator describes the girl and her seemingly bad behaviour. The reader receives mixed messages, which are unfortunately not cleared up by the end of the poem. These mixed messages also occur in the poem â€Å"The Eve of St.Agnes. † The main female character, Madeline, is depicted as a good, innocent girl. The first detail that Keats gives the reader is that Madeline is still a virgin. The ceremony that Madeline is performing that night only applies to virgins, so the reader knows that Madeline is not experienced in matters of love making. Next, Madeline is caring and gentle towards her maid, Angela. When Madeline sees that Angela is on the stairs, â€Å"With†¦ pious care,/She turn’ed, and down the aged gossip led/To a safe level matting† (Keats 23).Yet although the girl is performing an action here, and elsewhere in the poem, she does not really speak except for about two stanzas when she is talking to Porphyro. This silence makes her seem quiet and passive. The reader is also allowed access into Madeline’s room, which is described in great detail: â€Å"A casement high and triple-arch’d there was, All garlanded with carven imag’ries Of fruits, and flowers, and bunches of knot-grass, And diamonded with panes of quaint device, Innumerable of stains and splendid dyes, As are the tiger-moth’ s deep-damask’d wings; And in the midst, ‘mong thousand heraldries,And twilight saints, and dim emblazonings, A shielded scutcheon blush’d with blood of queens and kings. † (Keats 23) A person’s room should somehow reflect that person’s personality, and according to Madeline’s room, she is religious, wealthy, feminine, and loyal to her family. She basically sounds like she is everything that a girl in that time period is supposed to be. Later, as Madeline is shown praying, she is described as â€Å"a saint†¦ a splendid angel†¦ so pure a thing, so free from mortal taint† (Keats 24). So Madeline, like Christabel, seems to be a rule-abiding, loyal girl.However, there are things that Madeline thinks and does that makes the reader rethink the praises sung of the girl. On one hand, Madeline is just a curious, naive girl who wishes to dream of her future husband, to have â€Å"visions of delight,/And soft adorings from their loves†¦ Hoodwink’d with faery fancy† (Keats 19). On the other hand, she hopes to dream of more than that: â€Å"Full of this whim†¦ her heart was otherwhere:/She sigh’d for Agnes’s dreams†¦ Anxious her lips, her breathing quick and short†¦ And all the bliss to be† (Keats 19). What kind of dreams is Madeline hoping to have?In the cancelled stanza that Keats was forced to take out, he describes these dreams as consisting of â€Å"More pleasures follow’d in a dizzy stream† (Keats). That is in fact how Madeline’s night ends up turning out, as it is implied that her and Porphyro have sex. But the reader cannot be sure exactly what happens and how it happens. The details are so vague, that it is confusing as to who initiated it, if there was consent, and if the act even did happen. The reader does know, nevertheless, that Madeline thinks Porphyro will leave her: â€Å"Porphyro will leave me here to fade and pine. –/’Cruel!What traitor could thee hither bring? † (Keats 27). By saying this, Madeline entraps Porphyro in a situation where he really has no choice but to stay with her. She even calls herself â€Å"A dove forlorn and lost with sick unpruned wing† (Keats 27), making herself seem helpless. She clearly is able to manipulate the situation so that Porphyro, if leaving was his intention, feels too guilty to go. She then says that she would curse him, but â€Å"my heart is lost in thine† (Keats 27), which suggests that if it were not, Madeline would have cursed him. What kind of a good Christian girl would curse someone?After their interaction, the two lovers flee the castle. Although Madeline is â€Å"beset with fears† (Keats 27) as she is running away with Porphyro, she still consents to go with him. This does show that she is passive and non-confrontational, but if she fully was a pure, innocent character, she would have refused to go with Porph yro and stayed with her family like she was supposed to. However, it can also be interpreted that since she lost her virginity to Porphyro, she must now marry him. Porphyro is therefore like a husband to her, and she must obey her husband. The messages that the author sends in this poem are mixed as well.It is constantly unclear who is controlling the situation in any given moment. In both of these poems, the two leading characters are described by the narrator as being stereotypically female. They obey the rules, they are quiet and passive, and they are lovely and gentle. It is quite a shock, to see how these girls behave; often, their behaviour could even be called stereotypically male. They manipulate and control others, they have thoughts that young girls should not be having, and they are quite independent. But how is the reader supposed to interpret these complicated details?Perhaps the authors are trying to say that women can still be good women even if they do male things, o r have male thoughts. Or maybe they are trying to say that even the most feminine girls have some male aspects, and that is completely natural. Either way, it is clear that both of these authors were progressive men who understood that gender boundaries could be quite flexible. Bibliography: Coleridge, Samuel T. Christabel. 1907. Keats, John. The Eve of St. Agnes. 1885. Rosemarie Maier, The Journal of English and Germanic Philology Vol. 70, No. 1 (Jan. , 1971)

Research Proposal Sample Essay

Sample Research Proposal Resident: John Smith, PGY2 Research Mentor: Jane Doe, MD, Section of General Internal Medicine Date of Proposal: February 5, 2009 I. Title of Proposed Research Project Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use II. Specific Aims In conducting this study, we will accomplish the following specific aims: Specific Aim 1. Compare the effectiveness of the stage specific smoking cessation counseling intervention with the control intervention by evaluating the impact on the following patient outcomes at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months: a) quit rate, b) stage of change, c) desire to quit, d) motivation to quit, e) confidence in quitting (self-efficacy), and f) nicotine dependence. Hypothesis 1. Patients counseled by students initially trained in stage specific smoking cessation counseling will have higher quit rates, improve their stage of change, increase their desire to quit, be more motivated to quit, have higher confidence in quitting, and have less nicotine dependence at 12 months. Specific Aim 2. Compare the effectiveness of the stage specific smoking cessation counseling intervention with the control intervention by evaluating the impact on the following processes of care rated by patients at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months: a) satisfaction with the quality of care in general, and b) satisfaction with the quality of care related to smoking cessation counseling. Hypothesis 2. Patients counseled by students initially trained in smoking-specific behavioral counseling will have greater satisfaction with both measures of quality of care at 12 months. III. Background Tobacco is the only legally sold product known to cause death in one half of its regular users.(1) Thus, of the estimated 1.3 billion people in the world who smoke, nearly 650 million will die prematurely as a consequence.(1) In the United States, approximately 25% of men and 20% of women, or 46 million adults, smoke.(2) The financial toll of tobacco use in the U.S. is substantial. Estimated costs include $75 billon per year in medical expenditures and $80 billion from lost productivity.(3) The personal health risks of smoking are even more significant with respect to morbidity and mortality. Although the role of physicians in cessation efforts has been 1 demonstrated, many physicians fail to counsel patients. The most common reasons cited for lack of counseling include inadequate training and time pressures. Our intervention will target medical students in the early stages of training. The proposed intervention will provide a foundation for medical learners in stage specific counseling and will aid physicians in primary practice to help their patients stop smoking. The rationale for this program is that providing education early and allowing students to use these skills with patients in the community can help: 1) future physicians with confidence in smoking cessation counseling, 2) physicians in the community who may not have adequate time to counsel patients, and 3) patients whose health may be at risk from smoking. IV. Research Methods Study Design: Randomized cross-over trial consisting of two smoking cessation counseling interventions: 1) counseling intervention including patient education, written material and followup by students who have been trained in stage specific tobacco cessation techniques, and 2) counseling intervention that includes patient education, written material and follow-up by students who have been trained in non-smoking cessation techniques (exercise counseling). Setting: Community practice sites in internal medicine, family medicine and pediatrics throughout Connecticut where medial students attend weekly continuity sessions with physician preceptors. Study Subjects: 80 first-year medical students and 308-350 patients aged 16 years or older in the students’ community practice sites who are seeing the students’ physician preceptor for any reason and meet criteria of smoking one or more cigarette daily in the previous week. Randomization: Students will be randomized by the day they attend their Principles of Clinical Medicine Course and trained in stage specific tobacco cessation counseling or exercise counseling. After 6 months, students will receive training in the other behavioral counseling technique. Main Outcome Measures: patients’ quit rate, stage of change, desire to quit, motivation to quit, confidence in quitting (self-efficacy), and nicotine dependence at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Process Measures: patient satisfaction with the quality of care in general, and satisfaction with the quality of care related to smoking cessation counseling. Analyses: patient level analyses of main outcome and process measures comparing patients who received counseling from students trained in smoking cessation counseling and patients who received counseling from students trained in exercise counseling adjusting for potential confounding factors. We will use logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes and linear regression for continuous outcomes. We will use generalized estimating equations (GEE) and random effects modeling to allow us to adjust for time-dependent covariates V. Timeline of Research Project Month Activity Student randomization Train standardized patient Assess student behavioral counseling skills Train student in smoking or exercise counseling Assessment of office practice sites Train medical assistants to recruit patients Recruit patients Patient counseling in-person Patient counseling by phone Data collection Data analysis Prepare publication(s) Present research at scientific meetings 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 3-4 5 6-9 10-12 13-14 VI. Literature Cited 1. World Health Organization Website: WHO tobacco Treaty set to become law, making global public health history. WHO . 2005. 1-17-2005. 2. Cigarette smoking among adults–United States, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52(40):953-956. 3. Centers for Disease Control. Targeting Tobacco Use, the Nation’s Leading Cause of Death 2004. CDC. 2005. 1-19-2005. 3

One of the Most Important Moment in Your Life

The terrible car accident occurred to me ten years ago threatened my life, only a few flashback memories are what is left in my head. It was summer in June and a Saturday night; the rain was pouring like I have seen very few times before. I had just left my mother’s house after a delicious meal along with some of our homemade red wine. In getting ready to go to work I realized that it was late, my Jazz music band, was supposed to start to play music at 10pm in a nightclub twenty miles west from my house.But the pleasant dinner, and mostly the wine, inadvertently caused me to be extremely late. Once on the highway I tried to reduce the lateness by increasing and maintaining high velocity, in several occasions the speedometer was above 130 MPH. When the crash happened I was not wearing the seatbelt; in fact I found myself on the passenger seat. The windshield and the side glasses were reduced in thousands of pieces, many of which were all over me. The absence of glass also facil itated the rain getting inside the vehicle and created more discomfort.The front of the automobile, where the engine was located, had been pushed so much inward that it almost reduced the length of the car in half. I was so furious about the damages that I didn’t even care of my health conditions. The car went down the side of the highway; it was hidden by trees and quite difficult to reach. In fact, the police report stated that I had been unconscious for more than half an hour before someone found me. When I came to senses I did not remember anything, not even what day it was, or why I was in the car. As minutes went by I began to consider the gravity of the situation, as my despair as well.Fully awake and angry still I could not move, my shoulder was hurting and something was obfuscating my sight and it was not the rain—I later discovered that it was my own blood. At some point I turned my head to the right and saw an old man standing right outside my car’s b roken window pushing a piece of fabric against my head. I guess he was trying to stop the blood flow. Thanks to this person, who despite the difficulty, came down almost 30 feet to reach my car I was found, and thanks to this man I was able to receive immediate assistance from the paramedics and be carried at a nearby hospital.Nevertheless, sadness embraces me when I think of him; unfortunately I missed the chance to express to him my gratitude. That night he simply vanished in the darkness. Once the paramedic took me off the car, the race to the hospital was almost pleasant. In the ambulance I will never forget the beautiful face of a relatively young female doctor who gave me the first aid—she came very close to my face several times in order to check my eyes and wounds on my head.At the destination, I was transported in the emergency room where other people immediately started to cut my clothes off with a pair of scissors, in order to check the integrity of my whole body. Even though it was summer I recall being very cold in that room, and thirsty as well. The numerous and small pieces of glass inside the upper-part of my body required an extensive amount of time to be taken out. During this long procedure—conducted by only one doctor—something funny happened. One of the nurses approached the surgery table, came close to my face and said, â€Å"Today boy is your lucky day. â€Å"Why? † I asked, â€Å"Well, at the moment the plastic surgeon is still at the hospital, he was supposed to leave an hour ago but something happened and kept him here† was her response—a couple of days later it was explained to me that these specialized doctors are not found frequently in the emergency room. Usually, generic doctors perform these surgeries with significantly poorer results. â€Å"He will fix your ear so well that you would not even notice the scar† she added—I had a deep cut behind my right ear, which fortunate ly enough did not damage any nerves.After those loud nurse’s last words, the anesthetic took over because I don’t remember anything else. As a result, every time I go back with my thoughts to that night I realize how irresponsible I acted. During the days prior to the accident I had a very poor sleep; that combined with the high speed and heavy rain caused the crash. This traumatic and unique experience will always accompany me. Still, today those memories affect my decision-making processes in order to prevent similar circumstances from occurring again. In the end I surely admit to have learned my lesson.

School activities which facilitate the learning of the students

School activities which facilitate the learning of the students can either be inside or outside of the classroom. Nonetheless, all these activities implicate behavioral expectations which the students must meet. In-class activities include the use of learning centers and computer stations. This activity facilitates learning through the use of different sources which provide the students a better understanding of the lesson. In addition, learning centers and computer stations give the students some hands-on training, which is very effective because it adds up to the learning experience of the students.Finally, these faculties of learning allow the students to enrich their knowledge and imagination, not only limiting the things to be learned to what the teacher has said. For this kind of activity, the students are expected to use the particular source efficiently so that it may help facilitate and enhance learning. This means that all available sources, such as computers, must be used with relevance to the academics. Moreover, the students are expected to practice courtesy. They should be responsible and not be abusive to the things which the school offers.One should also be courteous to his or her fellow classmates, and most especially to the teacher and other personnel present in the particular learning center. Another in-class activity is the teacher-led activities. This kind of activity makes the teacher the sole facilitator of learning. The teacher is the one who gives the basic rules or general instructions of the activity, and lays-out its objectives. The students, on the other hand, are the participants in the learning process and they are the ones who generate the ideas, key points and values of the activity.Basically, at the end of the activity, the teacher summarizes everything the students have said into few general ideas, and sometimes asks the class to repeat them. For a better focus on the students’ attention and participation, the teacher m ay also ask a volunteer from the class to summarize the general ideas of the activity instead of simply saying the main ideas. Finally, the teacher evaluates if all the objectives have been met, then proceeds to the lesson or next activity. For this kind of activity the students are expected to listen attentively to the teacher.They should be attentive in order for them to understand the instructions, objectives and ideas of the activity. Secondly, the students should practice a sense of responsibility. They should be able to know their priorities, what they need and need not to do whenever there is a teacher-led activity which requires their full attention and active participation. Learning does not only take place inside the classroom. Therefore, schools also conduct out-of-class activities in order to let the students experience and explore. Most common type of out-of-class activities include playground time or recess.This is a few-minute break after two to four subjects to give some time for students. This particular activity is a good embodiment of learning outside the classroom. With regard to behavioral expectations, all students are expected to practice camaraderie. This is the time when they are able to socialize with one another. Therefore, they are expected to behave properly, talk to fellow classmates and create friendship. In addition, they are also expected to learn the value of sharing and unselfishness. Friendship grows in the light of sharing. Students must know how to think of other people.Another interesting out-of-class activity is the field trip. This well-planned activity is an educational trip to different places of great significance, usually held once a year. The trip intends to familiarize the students with the historical and cultural significance and influences of the places to be visited. In this kind of activity, the students are also expected to practice camaraderie. This time, the context of camaraderie is deeper because the stud ents are going out of the school into different places and are spending more time with each other.Moreover, the students must be obedient in the sense that they need to follow all instructions given by the teacher in order to avoid problems. The basic method of determining whether the students did or did not understand the proper behavior expected from them is by way of asking. After the teacher has given the activity and the proper behavior expected from them, he or she must first ask the students what they did not understand to what he or she has said. If there is a question raised by one of the students, he or she must restate what is expected of the students and expound it.He or she must make sure that every behavioral expectation she mentioned was clear to the mind of the students before proceeding to the activity. Another effective way of evaluating the students’ understanding of behavioral expectations is by definition. This is to be done after the activity has been fi nished. The teacher will ask the students to define the behavioral expectations he or she has given the class before the start of the activity. By this method, the teacher will fully know how well the students understood the values expected from them.

Organizational change in the public sector Essay

Organizational change in the public sector - Essay Example They bring sophisticated technology to cope with this competitive environment. It is said that there is no best way to manage the organizational change but public sector organizations must need some appropriate approaches to manage the organizational change to cope with the private sector organizations. Some people think that privatization is appropriate for organizational change but it is inappropriate for the public sector organizational change because there is lack of clarity in privatization. Structural and cultural changes are appropriate for public sector organizational change (Coram, Ron, and Burnes 2001) Weaknesses of Public Sector Organizations Public sector organizations are under pressure throughout the world for its less efficiency. Organizational change in public sector can be achieved through changes in men charged with leadership, personnel turnover, human resource management changes, procedure and structure change , way of communication, technology, methodology, shari ng cultural norms, training the employees. The changes in leadership personnel can have a negative impact (Karen Ann 259 page). When the change is implemented there might be some resistance occurred. There may be the conflict among the employees, owners and executives (Leigh, Karyn 2002). Mostly public sector organizations are vertically integrated. ... Strengths of Public Sector Organizations In the horizontal structure there are few positions are at top and the remaining people are the peers. This structure is more common in law, architecture and medical firms. Staff works in teams rather than according to the hierarchy. Few public organizations use divisional structure. In this structure functions and responsibility are assigned according to the territory basis. Examples The department of homeland security and the California energy commission are examples of public sector organizations that are operating under matrix structure. Matrix structure is a mixture of divisional and functional structure. These two departments use highly specialized employees and equipment, employees do the same task repetitively and they get specialize in that particular task. How changes are implemented in public sector organization Diagram (Dolan & Garcia, 2002) Organizational change in public sector can be done through a proper process. First of all o rganization must do its SWOT analysis. After doing the SWOT analysis organization see that where they are standing today and what they want to be in future. So there is a gap between the today and future. This gap can be filled by doing some proper changes. These changes can be Corporate values and norms Organizational structure and process Regarding the products and services (This is 100% UNIQUE) Result of organizational change Organization also sees that from these changes Who will be affected? What will be the cost? How much time is required to fulfill this gap? What will be the major focus areas during fulfilling this gap? Public sector organization can make changes in the organization through Information Communication Involvement Education and training